Changing Perpectives of Homosexuality in India - 1351 Words

The Role of Law in Changing Perspectives towards Homosexuality â€Å"If there is one constitutional tenet that can be said to be underlying theme of the Indian Constitution, it is that of Inclusiveness. This Court believes that Indian Constitution reflects this value deeply ingrained in Indian society, nurtured over several generations. Those perceived by the majority as deviants or different are not on that score excluded or ostracised.†59 With this ratio, the Delhi High Court on 2nd July, 2009 legalized consensual sexual intercourse between persons of the same sex by amending section 377 of the Indian Penal Code60 to exclude these acts. The underlying principle was that of inclusivity and inconclusive proof as to the harm that might†¦show more content†¦The Naz Foundation was declared to have the potential to be a case whose name would conjure up in the history of a particular struggle, celebrate the victory of a moment and inaugurate new hopes for the future.68 It proved that public morality and majority opinion must be subservient to constitutional morality and protection of citizens. It gave the gay community self confidence, knowing that their identity wasn’t an illegality. The Constitution had protected them from harassment and assault; the perpetual element of criminality and fear was gone from their lives. Not everyone, however, took the decision in the same stride. Press statements were released calling it an attempt to break the ‘social fabric’69, diminish our rich culture and family values70, and a curable mental illness.71 15 Special Leave Petitions were filed in the Supreme Court against the judgment. This showed that despite the law accepting their sexuality, attitudes in society were still a long way from tolerance, if not acceptance. Our belief in a set culture and tradition is so thoroughly embedded, that change towards betterment is in a perpetual duel with narrow interpretations of this defined ‘culture’. Jawaharlal Nehru once said that Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit. It is never a narrowing of the mind or a restriction of the human spirit or of the country’s spirit.72 It is this open mindedness that we lack. Four years later, changes have been noticed. Sexual

Disproportionate Mindset Of The American Culture Essay

Disproportionate Mindset of the American Culture Social inequality stems from many facets of life and mindsets reproduced continuously in America. The main backbone of systematic inequality is formed off of race, gender and class, which all contain crucial aspects that further oppress those subjected to inequality in various aspects of life. The resources-schools, occupations, invested parents- around one fuels the opportunity in their lives, a concept highlighted by Malcom Gladwell, in his book, Outliers. Situations one are brought up in or uncontrollable genetic aspects can very easily restrain their opportunities. Racial discrimination, gender roles and inferiority and the lack of fluidity in the low and working class push inequality, which simultaneously influencing the rich and privileged. The social class one is born into, more often than not dictates the social class they will belong to as an adult. There have been studies done in regards to social mobility, which greatly supports the concept that social class further promotes inequality, for 40% of individuals, born into either the top or bottom as infants, will remain there throughout their adult life. The stagnant nature of economic mobility, is only further worsened by absolute mobility. Those who begin impoverished are disadvantaged from the start and even with an increase of income, they most likely will remain in their same social class, for most people with time have an increase in overall income, and yetShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream1183 Words   |  5 Pages America, home of the great, land of the free, this is where people from around the world come to achieve the American dream, beginning with the people that originated the dream itself - the born Americans. Success can be achieved by any and ev ery one with endless opportunities to obtain money, success and wealth; This is the American dream. 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Research The research done to conduct this paper used three peer reviewed articles to analyze the effects of racial humor on cultural identities in society. Scmader, Block and Lickel are responsible for the conclusion made in their study of how film portrayals affect the implications of social identity threats. The authors held a study between â€Å"European Americans and Mexican Americans to evaluate the effects of how stereotypicalRead MoreClimate Change And Its Effects On Our Society1545 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of climate change. It has become a proven fact that our global ecological and weather patterns are changing in ways that occur at a much more rapid pace than natural cycles typically allow. According to a 2016 Monmouth University Poll, most Americans acknowledge, at least to some extent, that â€Å"the world’s climate is undergoing a change that is causing more extreme weather patterns and the rise of sea levels.† Since humans rely so heavily on their environment to provide a plethora of goods andRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Going back to slavery,† says Harvard University professor, psychiatrist and African American Alvin Poussaint, â€Å"American society has long had an image of black males as being too aggressive, out of control and in need of reining in through whippings†; a mindset he links to the philosophy that drives racial profiling. â€Å"While spanking may be part of accepted disciplinary practices in some parts of black culture, says Dr. Poussaint, much of it likely stems from the fact that black parents for agesRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1739 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be able to get real fighting experience. Majority of men agree that women shouldn’t fight in combat, but what this way of thinking does is show that the oppressive subordinate mindset towards women is still alive and well even in the military. Equality has to be achieved on all platforms in every way. American males would argue that not letting women fight in combat is there way of protecting them. It hasn’t been until January 24, 2013 did they let women finally fight in combat. Women haveRead MoreCultural Responsiveness And School Wide Positive Behavior Support1997 Words   |  8 PagesCultural responsiveness and school wide positive behavior support although total opposites in theoretical foundations, when blended together in the school system can have a positive outcome for student’s cultural equity. 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However, through currents events, such as in Ferguson, MO, it has also become clear that African American males between the ages of fifteen and twenty-four are particularly susceptible to the detrimental effects of being muted and â€Å"invisible.† This population of young men is substantially at risk of being muted and made invisible as a result, in part, of fewer opportunities for higher education, disproportionate, dehumanizing portrayals of African Americans througho ut historyRead MoreThe Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus1955 Words   |  8 Pagesis questionable. Whenever I examine Jesus’ Passion, Death, and Resurrection, the implication that salvation requires levels of suffering has always fascinated me, especially when looking at the lives of women belonging to the contemporary Filipino culture residing in the Philippines. 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Analysis of Ford Motor Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Ford Motor Company. Answer: Introduction The automobile industry is defined as a group of companies that manufacture the motor vehicles. The automobile industry was first established in 1890s with many manufacturers who were considered as an inventor in the horseless carriage. The United States of America was known as the manufacturer of the horseless carriage. In 1929 there are more than 32 million automobile industries. 90 percent of the vehicles were manufactured by the United States (Zarbo et al. 2015). After the Second World War, 75 percent of the production was created by the United States in the world. It is seen that the United States cannot enjoy power for a long time. Japan took over the supremacy in the year 1980. In the year 1994 the United States of America attained back the supremacy and also there are many other countries that are associated with it (Gindin 2015). The automobile industry has been the biggest industry globally, before the proof which is taken into consideration by the industry of information t echnology. There are many high and low points which are faced by the company. The industry gives a proper knowledge of experience concerned with the leadership and learning. There are many methods to solve the issues concerned with the workforce that explains the rules and regulations among the employees. The industry gives knowledge about the management and the leadership issues (Cutcher-Gershenfeld, Brooks and Mulloy 2015). Ford Motor Corporation The ford motor Company has been established by Henry Ford. He was considered as an American industrialist. Henry Ford introduced vehicles that are reasonable for the white collar class Americans. Henry ford has changed vehicles that were considered as a luxury product in the life of Americans. The automobile has not been invented by him. He was known as the proprietor of the ford company and also one of the wealthiest men in America. The career of ford started as an engineer in the Edison illuminating company (Johns and Gratton 2013). He was given the post of chief engineer in the company. He tried different experiments with the gasoline engine and created ford quadricycle. He made many investigations with that cycle and improvement is made upon it. The organization tried different sort of vehicles. The organization constructed a 26 horsepower engine automobile. The cars having the model T and model A have an extraordinary leap towards the organization. The organization came into exi stence in the year 1903 when Malcomson and various investors connected with the organization (Gindin 2015). Model T is a ford car presented by the company. The attributes of the car is that the steering is on left, engines, four cylinders and there are two spring suspension. The car came at reasonable rate of $825 consistently. The cost of the car feels as the years passed by. This was the first fruitful venture of the ford Motor Company. With the progression of time, Model T of the car became outdated. In the year 1926, the organization started making another model of the car. The new model that is model A appeared in December 1927. The organization has different labor issues. The expansion in the production of cars solves the work issues and keeps peace at the workplace that was the result of the organization capable leadership. Henry Ford never had faith in the accountant. Due to this the ford company never got examined during his rule (Carlino 2014). Initiatives taken by Ford Henry Ford has taken into consideration various activities to take care of the issues concerned with the laborers. He trusted that paying appropriate wages to laborers would enhance the productivity level of the laborers. At one point he even multiplied the wages of the laborers. He introduced five days working which make work life balance of the employees. The organization could accomplish better creation from the representatives after the changes made by henry ford. By taking into consideration the labor union, he analyzed that ford was against it. Ford trusted that the union of labor gives direction towards the wrong way (Rodgers 2014). During the First World War, the ford company went into aviation business. Ford began Building liberty engines for the plane. The best aircraft by the company was Ford 4AT Trimotor which was also called as Tin Goose. The Plane was constructed from the alloy which is named as Alcad. The main characteristic of the alloy was that it is resistant with the rust of aluminum. The organization procured the stout metal airplane company after the completion of the First World War (Janoski and Lepadatu 2014). Labor Problems Henry Ford has worked a lot to enhance the efficiency and the productivity of the employees. The organization began employing about 300 men to cover up the requirement which is available in the organization. Henry Ford had faith in welfare capitalism. He outlined a great deal to enhance the efficiency of the workers (Snow 2013). He used to make effective contracting so that the best workers can be appointed for the company. In 1914, the wages of the specialists changed to $5 every day. The rates were twofold for the majority of the laborers. With many laborers the wages was doubled, the choice was also beneficial for the organization. The occurrence occurred when there has been an enormous turnover by taking into consideration the entire Detroit (Reisch and Andrews 2014). Because of the move the best mechanics of the nation rush over at the ford motor corporation. The organization got the best mechanics and the laborers from the organization that ended up being the best resource of the organization. Thus, the efficiency of the organization got raised. The workers rushed at the organization which minimized the training cost. The declaration was made on 5th January 1914. Detroit was an area giving the high wages to the workers. After, the declaration made by the ford, the alternated organizations in Detroit confronted many work issues. The expansion in the wage has two direct effects on the laborers. The expansion in the wages of the car made the laborers of the organization wealthier. The laborers could now manage the cost of the cars they create without anyone else (Lee 2015). This has been an extraordinary inspiration for their work. The creation from the laborers expanded by virtue of this change. Above all this, the enhanced wages of the laborers e nd up with sharing the benefit of the organization among the workers. The worker advantage was the primary issue towards the development of the organization and also the expansion in the wages among the laborers came as a reward to the workers. The expansion in the wages was imparting benefit to the organization representatives. The sharing of the benefits turned into a piece of the employees rewards. Employees were qualified revenue driven sharing in the event that they had labored for a half year in the organization. The dedicated workers with the great conduct are regularly given the rewards and benefits. The laborers were being glared that they are dependent on drinking, betting and others. In any case, every one of these issues constituted invasion into the private existence of the employees. The attack into the private lives of the employees was disputable and it is seen that ford moved down with the reward system.

To what extent does normalisation apply in respect Essay Example For Students

To what extent does normalisation apply in respect Essay of people with dementiaThis essay will analyse the extent to which the values of normalisation/social role valorisation apply in respect of care for people with dementia. The essay will begin by briefly acknowledge Nirjes principles of normalisation and then outline the seven core themes of Wolfensbergers theory of normalisation. These will incorporate some criticisms of wolfensbergers work by other writers. The essay will move on to outline Tom Kitwood and colleagues contribution to the recognition of the person suffering with dementia, to show how a person is made up of many complex interactions. I will outline what Kitwood terms The Malignant Social Psychology surrounding the dementia process and the dangers of adopting a theory based solely on the medical model. Finally I will give a brief outline of policies leading up to the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 and analyse to what extent present day policies and future initiatives reflect the principles of normalisation and personhood. The concept of normalisation originated in Scandinavia during the 1960s, and was further developed in North America. (Emerson, 1992). In its Scandinavian beginnings no rmalisation had a significant impact upon the development of services and associated enabling legislation for people with learning difficulties. (Nirje, 1969). For Nirje normalisation was first and foremost an issue of human rights based on the recognition of people with a mental handicap as our fellow human beings and citizens. (Robinson, 1989). Nirje defined normalisation as:Making available to all mentally retarded people patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances and ways of life of society. (Nirje, 1980:33). We will write a custom essay on To what extent does normalisation apply in respect specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1972 Wolfensberger proposed a more enhanced definition of normalisation which he defined as:Utilization of means which are as culturally normative as possible, in order to establish and/or maintain personal behaviors and characteristics which are as culturally normative as possible. (Wolfensberger 1972:28). Wolfensberger subsequently replaced the term normalisation with the concept of Social Role Valorisation, (SRV) which he is defined as: The application of what science can tell us about the enablement, establishment, enhancement, maintenance, and/or defence of valued social roles for people. (Wolfensberger, 1995). Wolfensberger claims his theory of Normalisation/SRV rests on a solid foundation of well-established social and behavioural science theory. (Wolfensberger, 1983). It incorporates multiple bodies of inquiry such as, the sociology of deviancy; learning theory; role theory; the function and power of social imagery; mind-sets and expectancies, the social and psychological process involved in unconsciousness; and group dynamics. (Osburn, 1998)Wolfensberger and Tullman (1989) break the normalisation theory into seven major core themes, which serves to aid the understanding of it, as follows:1.The role of unconscious in human services: This is concerned with the unconscious negative dynamics pertaining to human services that contribute to the devaluation of particular groups of people in society. The techniques of Program Analysis of Service Systems (PASS) (Wolfensberger and Glenn, 1978) and Program Analysis of Service Systems Implementation of Normalisation goals (PASSING) (Wolfensberger and Thomas 1983) are proposed by their authors as suitable for assessing how far services enhance service users social image and the personal competence. I have decided to combine the following two core themes to show how they are interrelated. 2 and 3. The relevancy of role expectancy and role circularity to deviancy making or deviancy unmaking; The developmental model and personal-competency enhancement: The two major strategies for pursuing the goal of SRV are enhancement of a persons image in the eyes of others and enhancement of their competencies. Image enhancement and competency enhancement forms a feedback loop that can be either negative or positive. That is, a person who is competency-impaired is at risk of enduring image impairment; a person who is image impaired is inclined to be responded to by others in ways that decrease the persons competency. Both processes also work equally in the reverse direction. That is, a person whose social image is positive is likely to be provided with experiences and expectancies which are likely to increase his/her competencies; and a person who exhibits competencies is apt to be imaged positively. Thus, Wolfensberger asserts that human services should do everything in their powe r to ensure that devalued people establish as many positive social roles as possible in order to break the pattern of negative role expectancies producing self-fulfilling prophecies. 4. Conservatism corollary to the principle of normalisation: When a persons holds valued social roles, attributes of theirs that might otherwise be viewed negatively are more likely to be put up with, overlooked, or even dismissed as relatively unimportant. Wolfensberger and Tullman (1989) state that if a person deviances are far greater than what would be considered to be a normal amount then they exist in a state of heightened vulnerability. They state that the greater number, severity and/or variety of deviancies or the greater number of deviant people there are in a group the greater the impact of devaluation. (p 216). Wolfensberger and Tullman (1989) propose compensating for this eventuality suggesting that, on occasions where either a suit and tie or a sports jacket and sports shirt are equally ap propriate attire, the man at value risk in society would fare better wearing the suit-and-tie combination. (p 216). Perrin and Nirje (1989) Criticise Wolfensbergers conservatism corollary, reasserting that the key elements of normalisation originally proposed was more concerned with devalued people living a life similar to that of others. They maintain that Wolfensbergers principles clearly contradict this by setting different standards for devalued people to that of normal people. They confirm this by pointing out that if a handicapped person associated with a programme under assessment by PASS refused to conform to wearing the suit and tie, the programme would be downgraded in its assessment irrespective of the personal preference of values of the client. (Perrin and Nirje,1989:225). 5. The power of imitation: normalisation supports the integration of devalued people with people who function routinely in an appropriate and valued way. This notion is based on the assumption that people are apt to imitate others behaviour and suggests that positive rather than negative role models will encourage behaviour closer to the norms of society and thus produce acceptance. Wolfensberger claims that this is crucial if we are to challenge the negative stereotyping that people with disabilities endure. Criticisms of normalisation and SRV are frequently associated with the fact that these principles stress the importance conformity to social norms. Baxter, et al (1990) point out that what is normal within a particular culture may be of questionable value to some people within that culture. Smith and Brown (1992) also criticise normalisation for its assumption that there are and homogeneous set of valued people and acceptable behaviours to which people with disabilities can aspire to. They state that this assumption bypasses difference of class, gender and ethnicity. Baxter, et al (1990) asserts that a philosophy that stresses conformity to current social norms is essentially conservative and can be seen as operating to the detriment of devalued groups. Some writers have pointed out that service providers may take white values as the norm and impose them on service users for whom they are inappropriate, for example ethnic minority communities. 6. The importance of societal integratio n and valued participation: This statement claims that segregation, for example, institutionalisation is inclined to make people more devalued and more dependent. Normalisation requires that devalued persons are integrated into the valued social life of society by providing the means to enable them to live in, normative housing; to be educated along with their non-devalued peers; work in the same facilities as other people; and be involved in recreation, shopping and all the other activities that valued members of society engage. 7. The dynamics and relevance of social imagery: This refers to the conveying devalued persons in a positive light rather than a negative one which will rub off on the person and add further to their detriment. This has far-reaching implications for human services, as negative images can be unconsciously displayed in many ways throughout society, for example in newspapers, on posters and also in the way that devalued citizens are referred to in relation to their diagnosis. .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .postImageUrl , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:hover , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:visited , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:active { border:0!important; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:active , .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075 .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf52a848360efb4814614dc53fcea075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I Believe in the Power of Video Games EssayThe malignant social psychology surrounding the dementing process. Tom Kitwood has conducted a series of studies, which has been influential in recent years. These deal with the social psychological environment that surrounds older people with mental health problems. The term, malignant social psychology was coined by Kitwood and well describes the social psychological environment faced by many who has one of the conditions termed dementia. He describes the processes and interactions that tend to depersonalise a person who suffers from dementia. Ten aspects of what Kitwood terms the malignant social psychology are illustrated as f ollows: 1. Treachery Some form of trickery or outright deception is used by others in order to get the dementia sufferer to comply with their wishes. 2. Disempowerment Things are done for a dementia sufferer which he or she is actually able to do, albeit clumsily or slowly: there is a consequent deskilling and loss of the sense of urgency. 3. Infantilisation This is a more extreme form of 2. But also accompanied by subtle messages which imply that the dementia sufferer has the subjectivity of a very young child. 4. Intimidation The dementia sufferer is made afraid by such processes as psychological assessments or head scans, these being carried out in an impersonal way: sometimes intimidation includes threats or actual violence. 5. Labelling A confused elderly person is given a diagnostic label such as primary degenerative dementia or Alzheimers disease. Expectations of progressive decline and derangement are set up, and a self-filling prophecy comes into play. 6. Stigmatisation This is an extreme form of labelling, but carries connotations of exclusion. As a result the dementia sufferer becomes a diseased object, an alien, an outcast. 7. Outpacing Communication with a dementia sufferer often occurs much more slowly than with those who have no impairment. Caregivers and others pay no heed to this and so fail to establish good contact. 8. Invalidation The experience of the dementia sufferer, especially in relation to emotions and feelings is not seriously understood and accepted by others. 9. Banishment The dementia sufferer is removed from the human milieu and left on his own, either physically or psychologically: this is rather like being sent to Conventry. 10. Objectification The dementia sufferer gradually ceases to be treated as a person and comes to be treated in some respects like a lump of dead matter, to be pushed around, manipulated, drained, filled, dumped etc. (Kitwood, 1990) and (Kitwood and Bredin 1992). Bell and McGregor point out the dangers of adopting a theory of dementia based solely on the medical model. They state that it pre-determines the passage of a persons future and deprives a person of the opportunity to realise their true potential. They also maintain that it ties a person into a syndrome, which casts aside the fact that they are still a human being, and thus, offers a hopeless future of inevitable decline. (See DSM-IV for the diagnostic criteria for dementia)Tom Kitwood and others developed the concept of personhood. The personhood approach is an attempt to reinstate the person as a living person who has a particularly distressing illness. (Goldsmith, 1996). Whilst not rejecting the contribution of medicine, Kitwood argues that there needs to be a shift in the way we approach dementia. Instead of recognising only the deficits, damages and problem behaviours, we need to see a person as a whole. This does not mean denying that there is a dementing illness but alternativ ely setting it in a social rather than a medical context. Kitwood (1993) states that an understanding of a persons dementia should be the result of a complex interaction between their personality, their social psychology (social relationships), their physical health, their biography of life, and their neurological impairment. He argues that all these factors go together to make a person who they are, and that to focus on only one of these factors is to treat a person as less than whole. (Kitwood 1993). Kitwood and Bredin (1992) state that there is evidence to show that some individuals have shown signs of reversal or rementia when their social relationships and their conditions of life have changed. They do, however, acknowledge that this evidence is purely anecdotal in type, nevertheless, they maintain that there seems no reason to doubt it and that in some cases they have actually met the individuals concerned. A second line of evidence concerns a study that confirms the productiveness of seeing a person as a whole. This study compared two groups of people who were comparable in their degree of dementia. The first group was given a programme of activities that occupied about 40 hours a week, plus a medical and psychiatric check-up weekly. Whereas the second group received a traditional amount of care which provided activities for around 3 to 5 hours per week and a monthly medical check-up. After one year only two of the first group showed signs of further deterioration, as oppose to 9 of the second group. The findings of this study was encouraging because those in the first group were slightly younger that those in the second group and it is customary for an accelerated decline for those with early onset dementia. A third line of evidence came from an experiment carried out on geriatric rats. Some of the rats were placed alone in impoverished environments and as they aged their brains deteriorated (Confirmed by post-mortem study). Some the rats were then placed in new environments with plenty of activities and the company of other rats. The experiment showed that the rats declining brain underwent substantial neurological development and were revived solely as a result of a change in their environment. Kitwood and Bredin, (1992) concluded that comparable neurological development can also occur in the human brain, since the nature of the grey matter in rats and humans are similar. They also state that:If some degree of rementing can be brought about purely t hrough human interaction; if some sufferers do stabilize when provided with a care environment that fosters activity and cooperation; if the ageing and damaged brain is capable of some structural regeneration, then there is ground for looking on dementia care in a positive way. (Kitwood and Bredin, 1992:280). To what extent does policies reflect the normalisation/personhood approaches? The history and future developments of more independent services. The traditional treatment of people with mental and physical disabilities was in large hospitals built on the outskirts of most towns. Once patients went into such hospitals they rarely came out. Living their lives within institutions led to people becoming institutionalised, dependent on the routines of the hospital to a point were they could no longer function outside of its walls. (Young 1995). Concerns over these issues led to a search for alternatives. Arguments for community care were strengthened by sociological critiques of institutional life. (Gothman, 1968). The Griffith report Community Care: Agenda for Action was published in 1988. This report recommended that the Local Authority Social Service Departments should be responsible for assessing individuals needs and arranging the purchase of whatever services they required. For example, domiciliary, day, and residential care. However, it was not is recommendation that the local authorities should provide the services. Griffith recommendations for the separation of purchaser/provider functions were one of the reports most influential proposals. From this the term enabling authority was coined and identified a direction in which local authorities provided an environment that enabled consumers to exercise choice and encourage the development of service provision within the private and voluntary sectors. The Griffith report became the blueprint for the white paper caring for people which followed. Many of the reforms proposed by Griffith were later enacted in the NHS and Community Care Act. ( Griffith, 1988). .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .postImageUrl , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:hover , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:visited , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:active { border:0!important; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:active , .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799 .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa32dd2241b125eb60a0beeec130b799:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women And The History Of Computers Essay PapersThe Social Services Inspectorate At Home With Dementia states that:Community care policy for older people with dementia, as for all user groups is underpinned by the concepts of promoting choice and fostering independence (DOH, 1997). This report acknowledged many implications with regards to service delivery for people with dementia. It stated that it was difficult to ensure their active participation in assessment and care management processes, thus, it was difficult to know if they are ever presented with and exercise real choices. The report also stated that gender needs were poorly served by home care services because there was not enough male staff available when required. It was also acknowledged in the report that specialist services were only available to people whom lived in defined catchment areas. However this may be rectified by the governments recent proposals in the modernising social services document to impose national standards. This report also acknowledges that independence can carry a great deal of risk in respect of people with dementia and the challenges this can pose on social and health care agencies. A recent government publication, No Secrets: The Protection of vulnerable adults has laid down specific guidelines that statutory agencies must follow to ensure that vulnerable adults are protected from risk of abuse. The guidance gives a clear definition of what is considered to be a vulnerable adult. This includes older people with disabilities or impairment, particularly when their situation is complicated by additional factors such as physical frailty or chronic illness, and sensory impairment. (p7). The guidance also itemises the different forms of abuse that can take place, for example:? Physical abuse: this includes such things as hitting, restraint, misuse of medication, etc. ? Psychological abuse: this includes such things as deprivation of contact, controlling, isolation or withdrawal from supportive networks, intimidation etc. ? Financial abuse: this includes theft, exploitation, pressure in connection with wills, ? Neglect: this includes ignoring medical or physical care needs, failure to provide access to health and social care services, etc. The guidance has also incorporated the concept of significant harm introduced by the Children Act and suggests that harm should be taken to include the impairment of, or avoidable deterioration in, physical or mental health; and the impairment of physical, intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development. (p9). The Governments response to the Health Committees Report on Long Term Care. The government states that it is committed to improving the quality of life of older people and to preventing or delaying the onset of dependence through various initiatives. The report also states that they will give an extra 140 million to local authorities over a three-year period to provide a wider range of support services to carers. They also intend to extend direct payments to people over 65 to allow them to exercise further choice in service provision. (DOH, 1999). In conclusion the values of normalisation appears to have come a long way in enabling society to recognise that all people have potential for growth when they are accorded the opportunity to do so. How far these ideals can be stretched to practice in respect of people suffering from dementia remains to be seen in the light of the implications that surrounds dementia care. However, the author believes that we should strive at all levels to increase the knowledge of dementia in respect of the possibility of rementia. Recent policies seem to recognise more now than ever before that people suffering from dementia deserve to have a the right to independence, a choice in the provision of care that they receive, and that they deserve the same respect that is accorded to all. The essence in supporting people and making a connection with a person based on mutual respect and trust requires firstly knowing yourself and (not only as a professional) and secondly, learning who the person is. This is by no means easy to sustain in the formal human services. It takes real effort in a service system to maintain a connection with a person and to learn who that person is. Perhaps the essence of quality in a service also lies in simplicity and informality Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHYBaxter, C. Poonia, K. Ward, L. Nardirshaw, Z. (1990) Double discrimination : issues and services for people with learning difficulties from black ethnic minority. London. Kings Fund. Bell, J and McGregor, I. (1995). A challenge to stage theories of dementia in T. Kitwood and S. Benson, (eds) The New Culture of Dementia Care, London. Hawker Publications. Department of Health, No Secrets: The Protection of Vulnerable Adults. London, HMSO. Department of Health, (1999) Long Term Care: The Governments Response To The Health Committees Report On Long Term Care. London HMSO. Emerson, E. (1992) What is Normalisation? in H. Brown and H. Smith, (eds) Normalisation: A Reader for the Nineties. London Routledge. Goldsmith, M. (1996) Hearing the Voice of People with Dementia: Opportunities and Obstacles. London. Jessica Kingsley Publications. Gothman, I. (1968) Asylums, Harmondsworth, Penguin. Griffith, R. Community Care: Agenda for Action. London. HMSO. Kitwood, T. (1993) Discover the person, not the desease. Journal of Dementia Care 1, 1, Nov/Dec. Kitwood, T. (1990) The Dialectics of Dementia: With Particular Reference to Alzheimers Disease Ageing and Society 10, p177-196. Kitwood, T. and Bredin, K. (1992) Person to Person: A guide to the care of those with failing mental powers, Essex, Gale Centre Publications. Nirje, B. (1980) The normalization principle, in R. J Flynn and K. E. Nitsch (eds) Normalization, Social Integration and Community Services, Baltimore. University Park Press. Osburn, J. (1998) An Overview of Social Role Valorization Theory. The International Social Role Valorization Journal, Indianapolis, USA. Perrin, B. and Nirje, B. (1989) Setting the record straight: a critique of some frequent misconceptions of the normalisation principle in A. Brechin and J. Walmsley (eds) Making Connections, Open University Press? Hodder and Stoughton. Robinson, T. (1989) Normalisation: the whole answer? In A. Brechin and J. Walmsley (eds) Making Connections, Open University Press? Hodder and Stoughton. Smith, H. and Brown, H. (1992) Defending Community Care: Can Normalization do the Job? British Journal of Social Work, 22, (6), 685-693. Wolfensberger, W. (1972) The principle of Normalization in Human Services, Toronto, National Institute on Mental Retardation. Wolfensberger, W. and Glenn, L. (1978) PASS (Program Analysis of Service Systems): A Method for the Quantitative Evaluation of Human Service Handbook, 3rd edn, Toronto, National Institute on Mental Retardation. Wolfensberger, W. and Thomas, S. (1983) Program Analysis of Service Systems: Implementation of Normalisation Goals (PASSING) 2nd edn, Toronto National Institute on Mental Retardation. Wolfensberger, W. and Tullman, S. (1989) A brief outline of the principle of normalisation A. Brechin and J. Walmsley (eds) Making Connections, Open University Press? Hodder and Stoughton. Wolfensberger, W. (1995) The SRV training package. Unpublished manuscript in J. Osburn, (1998) An Overview of Social Role Valorization Theory. The International Social Role Valorization Journal, Indianapolis, USA. Available on SRV website http:///www.SRV.21century.com.au/resourcc/OSBURN_SRV.htmYoung, P. (1995) Mastering Social Welfare (3rd edn) London. Macmillan Press.